Journal of Movement Disorders

Original Article

Comparative Olfactory Profiles in Parkinson’s Disease and Drug-Induced Parkinsonism: In Hee Kwak, Young Eun Kim, Suk Yun Kang, Joong Seob Lee, Jeongjae Lee, Min Seung Kim, Dong A Yea, Hyeo-il Ma; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(1):64-70. Published online October 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23105

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objective
Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is a frequently encountered diagnostic possibility when considering Parkinson’s disease (PD). While olfactory dysfunction is a common clinical feature in PD, the comparison of olfactory function between the two conditions remains insufficient. This study aimed to compare olfactory function, including threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) profiles, between PD and DIP.
Methods
Consecutive patients with drug-naïve PD (n = 78) or DIP (n = 31) confirmed through dopamine transporter imaging were enrolled in this study. The YSK olfactory function (YOF) test, composed of TDI domains culturally familiar odorants to Koreans, was administered to all patients.
Results
In the study population, patients with DIP were significantly older than patients with PD. Over 70% of patients in each group had hyposmia or anosmia, and there was no significant difference in the occurrence of olfactory dysfunction between the two groups. In addition, there were no differences in the total YOF score and threshold score between the two groups. Meanwhile, the PD group had a significantly lower discrimination and identification score than the DIP group after adjusting for age, sex, the existence of diabetes, disease duration, and cognitive function.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that detailed olfactory profiles are different in PD and DIP, even though olfactory dysfunction can be observed in both conditions.

Letter to the editor

Factors associated with anticholinergic-induced oral-buccal-lingual dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease: Joonyoung Ha, Suk Yun Kang, Kyoungwon Baik, Young H. Sohn, Phil Hyu Lee, Min Seok Baek, Jin Yong Hong; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(1):109-111. Published online September 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23069

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PDF Supplementary Material

Brief communication

Effectiveness of Exercise on the Sequence Effect in Parkinson’s Disease: Suk Yun Kang, Young Ho Sohn; J Mov Disord. 2020;13(3):213-217. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20045

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
To determine the benefits of motor training on the sequence effect (SE), an essential component of bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Methods
Seven patients with de novo PD participated in this study. The patients performed regular pentagon drawing tests and exercises during four visits. The first two visits occurred before the start of medication, and the last two visits occurred at least six months after the start of medication. We assessed the severity of bradykinesia and SE at each visit and compared the results before and after exercise in both the de novo and treatment conditions.
Results
In the de novo condition, the severity of bradykinesia significantly improved after motor training (p = 0.018), but it did not resolve and only showed a trend of improvement after treatment (p = 0.068). The severity of the SE decreased significantly in the drug-naïve condition (p = 0.028) but not after medication (p = 0.273).
Conclusion
Our study suggests that regular motor training may be beneficial for the SE in PD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Exploring the Complex Phenotypes of Impaired Finger Dexterity in Mild-to-moderate Stage Parkinson’s Disease: A Time-Series Analysis
Pattamon Panyakaew, Kotchakorn Duangjino, Apiwoot Kerddonfag, Teerit Ploensin, Krerk Piromsopa, Chanon Kongkamol, Roongroj Bhidayasiri
Journal of Parkinson's Disease.2023; 13(6): 975. CrossRef
The Effects of Intensive Neurorehabilitation on Sequence Effect in Parkinson's Disease Patients With and Without Freezing of Gait
Alessia Putortì, Michele Corrado, Micol Avenali, Daniele Martinelli, Marta Allena, Silvano Cristina, Valentina Grillo, Luca Martinis, Stefano Tamburin, Mariano Serrao, Antonio Pisani, Cristina Tassorelli, Roberto De Icco
Frontiers in Neurology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Sleepiness and Depression in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Treated with Ropinirole and Levodopa: Suk Yun Kang, Ho-Sung Ryu, Mun-Kyung Sunwoo, Sang-Jin Kim, Jong-Sam Baik, Mee-Young Park, Hyung-Eun Park, Joong-Seok Kim, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Seong-Beom Koh, Young-Eun Kim, Mi-Kyong Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Sun Ju Chung, Young-Ho Sohn; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):123-129. Published online September 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17048

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Abstract PDF

Objective
We aimed to investigate the effect of ropinirole on excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and depression in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with a large population.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional observational study at nine hospitals in Korea between April 24, 2013, and April 22, 2015. We analyzed the demographic and clinical features, other medical history, history of antiparkinsonian medication within 6 months, Hoehn and Yahr stage (HY stage), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part II and III, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30).
Results
Four-hundred-thirteen patients with PD (mean age: 65.2 ± 9.0 years; men: 227 patients) were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age at examination, UPDRS II, and GDS-30 were independent risk factors for EDS and that sex, UPDRS II, and ESS were independent risk factors for depression.
Conclusion
Our large group study did not find any significant associations of ropinirole with EDS and depression in Korean PD patients.

Citations

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Associations between non-motor symptoms and patient characteristics in Parkinson’s disease: a multicenter cross-sectional study
Remi Morimoto, Mutsumi Iijima, Yasuyuki Okuma, Keisuke Suzuki, Fumihito Yoshii, Shigeru Nogawa, Takashi Osada, Kazuo Kitagawa
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Parkinson’s Disease
Hanshu Liu, Jingwen Li, Xinyi Wang, Jinsha Huang, Tao Wang, Zhicheng Lin, Nian Xiong
Nature and Science of Sleep.2022; Volume 14: 1589. CrossRef
Excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Fei Feng, YingYing Cai, YanBing Hou, Ruwei Ou, Zheng Jiang, HuiFang Shang
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2021; 85: 133. CrossRef
Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analytic Study
Gianpaolo Maggi, Luigi Trojano, Paolo Barone, Gabriella Santangelo
Neuropsychology Review.2021; 31(4): 643. CrossRef
Longitudinal risk factors for developing depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease
Tarek Antar, Huw R. Morris, Faraz Faghri, Hampton L. Leonard, Mike A. Nalls, Andrew B. Singleton, Hirotaka Iwaki
Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2021; 429: 117615. CrossRef
The effect and safety of ropinirole in the treatment of Parkinson disease
Jiali Zhu, Min Chen
Medicine.2021; 100(46): e27653. CrossRef
Pramipexole regulates depression-like behavior via dopamine D3 receptor in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
Shi-Zhuang Wei, Xiao-Yu Yao, Chen-Tao Wang, An-Qi Dong, Dan Li, Yu-Ting Zhang, Chao Ren, Jin-Bao Zhang, Cheng-Jie Mao, Fen Wang, Chun-Feng Liu
Brain Research Bulletin.2021; 177: 363. CrossRef
A selective D2 dopamine receptor agonist alleviates depression through up-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and increased neurogenesis in hippocampus of the prenatally stressed rats
Mahino Fatima, Mir Hilal Ahmad, Saurabh Srivastav, Moshahid Alam Rizvi, A.C. Mondal
Neurochemistry International.2020; 136: 104730. CrossRef
‘Dopamine agonist Phobia’ in Parkinson’s disease: when does it matter? Implications for non-motor symptoms and personalized medicine
Silvia Rota, Iro Boura, Lucia Batzu, Nataliya Titova, Peter Jenner, Cristian Falup-Pecurariu, K Ray Chaudhuri
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.2020; 20(9): 953. CrossRef
An Investigation on the Clinical Features and Neurochemical Changes in Parkinson's Disease With Depression
Teng-Hong Lian, Peng Guo, Li-Jun Zuo, Yang Hu, Shu-Yang Yu, Li Liu, Zhao Jin, Qiu-Jin Yu, Rui-Dan Wang, Li-Xia Li, Ying-Shan Piao, Wei Zhang
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

N30 Somatosensory Evoked Potential Is Negatively Correlated with Motor Function in Parkinson’s Disease: Suk Yun Kang, Hyeo-Il Ma; J Mov Disord. 2016;9(1):35-39. Published online January 25, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.15038

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Abstract PDF

Objective
aaThe aim of this study was to investigate frontal N30 status in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and to examine the correlation between the amplitude of frontal N30 and the severity of motor deficits.
Methods
aaThe frontal N30 was compared between 17 PD patients and 18 healthy volunteers. Correlations between the amplitude of frontal N30 and the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score of the more severely affected side was examined.
Results
aaThe mean latency of the N30 was not significantly different between patients and healthy volunteers (p = 0.981), but the mean amplitude was lower in PD patients (p < 0.025). There was a significant negative correlation between the amplitude of N30 and the UPDRS motor score (r = -0.715, p = 0.013).
Conclusions
The frontal N30 status indicates the motor severity of PD. It can be a useful biomarker reflecting dopaminergic deficits and an objective measurement for monitoring the clinical severity of PD.

Citations

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Clinical factors affecting evoked magnetic fields in patients with Parkinson's disease
Ryoji Naganuma, Ichiro Yabe, Megumi Takeuchi, Kirari Morishita, Shingo Nakane, Ryoken Takase, Ikuko Takahashi-Iwata, Masaaki Matsushima, Mika Otsuki, Hideaki Shiraishi, Hidenao Sasaki, Wing-ho Yung
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(9): e0232808. CrossRef
Short-Term Effects of Thoracic Spine Manipulation on the Biomechanical Organisation of Gait Initiation: A Randomized Pilot Study
Sébastien Ditcharles, Eric Yiou, Arnaud Delafontaine, Alain Hamaoui
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

The Sequence Effect in De Novo Parkinson’s Disease: Suk Yun Kang, Toshiaki Wasaka, Ejaz A. Shamim, Sungyoung Auh, Yoshino Ueki, Nguyet Dang, Mark Hallett; J Mov Disord. 2011;4(1):38-40.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.11006

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Abstract PDF

Background and Purpose

The sequence effect (SE) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) denotes progressive slowness in speed or progressive decrease in amplitude of repetitive movements. It is a well-known feature of bradykinesia and is considered unique in PD. Until now, it was well-documented in advanced PD, but not in drug-naïve PD. The aim of this study is to know whether the SE can also be measured in drug-naïve PD.

Methods

We measured the SE with a computer-based, modified Purdue pegboard in 4 drug-naïve PD patients, which matched our previous study with advanced PD patients.

Results

We observed progressive slowness during movement, that is, SE. Statistical analysis showed a strong statistical trend toward the SE with the right hand, but no significance with the left hand. There was no statistical significance of SE with either the more or less affected hands.

Conclusions

These results indicate that the SE can be identified in drug-naïve PD, as well as in advanced PD, with objective measurements and support the idea that the SE is a feature in PD observed during the early stage of the disease without medication.

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Bradykinesia in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Blinded Video Analysis of Pathology‐Proven Cases
Luca Marsili, Kevin R. Duque, Nathan Gregor, Elhusseini Abdelghany, Jesus Abanto, Andrew P. Duker, Matthew C. Hagen, Alberto J. Espay, Matteo Bologna
Movement Disorders.2023; 38(3): 496. CrossRef
The Sequence Effect Worsens Over Time in Parkinson’s Disease and Responds to Open and Closed-Loop Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation
Yasmine M. Kehnemouyi, Matthew N. Petrucci, Kevin B. Wilkins, Jillian A. Melbourne, Helen M. Bronte-Stewart
Journal of Parkinson's Disease.2023; 13(4): 537. CrossRef
Neurofeedback-guided kinesthetic motor imagery training in Parkinson’s disease: Randomized trial
Sule Tinaz, Serageldin Kamel, Sai S. Aravala, Mohamed Elfil, Ahmed Bayoumi, Amar Patel, Dustin Scheinost, Rajita Sinha, Michelle Hampson
NeuroImage: Clinical.2022; 34: 102980. CrossRef
The Pathophysiological Correlates of Parkinson's Disease Clinical Subtypes
Daniele Belvisi, Andrea Fabbrini, Maria Ilenia De Bartolo, Matteo Costanzo, Nicoletta Manzo, Giovanni Fabbrini, Giovanni Defazio, Antonella Conte, Alfredo Berardelli
Movement Disorders.2021; 36(2): 370. CrossRef
The Effects of Intensive Neurorehabilitation on Sequence Effect in Parkinson's Disease Patients With and Without Freezing of Gait
Alessia Putortì, Michele Corrado, Micol Avenali, Daniele Martinelli, Marta Allena, Silvano Cristina, Valentina Grillo, Luca Martinis, Stefano Tamburin, Mariano Serrao, Antonio Pisani, Cristina Tassorelli, Roberto De Icco
Frontiers in Neurology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Evolving concepts on bradykinesia
Matteo Bologna, Giulia Paparella, Alfonso Fasano, Mark Hallett, Alfredo Berardelli
Brain.2020; 143(3): 727. CrossRef
Effectiveness of Exercise on the Sequence Effect in Parkinson’s Disease
Suk Yun Kang, Young Ho Sohn
Journal of Movement Disorders.2020; 13(3): 213. CrossRef
Neurophysiological correlates of bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease
Matteo Bologna, Andrea Guerra, Giulia Paparella, Laura Giordo, Danilo Alunni Fegatelli, Anna Rita Vestri, John C Rothwell, Alfredo Berardelli
Brain.2018; 141(8): 2432. CrossRef
Insula as the Interface Between Body Awareness and Movement: A Neurofeedback-Guided Kinesthetic Motor Imagery Study in Parkinson’s Disease
Sule Tinaz, Kiran Para, Ana Vives-Rodriguez, Valeria Martinez-Kaigi, Keerthana Nalamada, Mine Sezgin, Dustin Scheinost, Michelle Hampson, Elan D. Louis, R. Todd Constable
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Sequence Effect in Parkinson’s Disease Is Related to Motor Energetic Cost
Sule Tinaz, Ajay S. Pillai, Mark Hallett
Frontiers in Neurology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Bradykinesia in early and advanced Parkinson's disease
Matteo Bologna, Giorgio Leodori, Paola Stirpe, Giulia Paparella, Donato Colella, Daniele Belvisi, Alfonso Fasano, Giovanni Fabbrini, Alfredo Berardelli
Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2016; 369: 286. CrossRef
Neural correlates of progressive reduction of bradykinesia in de novo Parkinson's disease
Eeksung Lee, Ji Eun Lee, Kwangsun Yoo, Jin Yong Hong, Jungsu Oh, Mun Kyung Sunwoo, Jae Seung Kim, Yong Jeong, Phil Hyu Lee, Young Ho Sohn, Suk Yun Kang
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2014;[Epub] CrossRef

Case Report

Restlessness with Manic Episodes due to Right Parietal Infarction: Suk Yun Kang, Jong Won Paik, Young Ho Sohn; J Mov Disord. 2010;3(1):22-24.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.10007

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Abstract PDF

Mood disorders following acute stroke are relatively common. However, restlessness with manic episodes has rarely been reported. Lesions responsible for post-stroke mania can be located in the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and temporal and frontal lobes. We present a patient who exhibited restlessness with manic episodes after an acute infarction in the right parietal lobe, and summarize the case reports involving post-stroke mania. The right parietal stroke causing mania in our case is a novel observation that may help us to understand the mechanisms underlying restlessness with mania following acute stroke.

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Restlessness with manic episodes induced by right-sided multiple strokes after COVID-19 infection: A case report
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Brain Circulation.2023; 9(2): 112. CrossRef
Poststroke Mania During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Management of psychiatric disorders in patients with stroke and traumatic brain injury
Gautam Saha, Kaustav Chakraborty, Amrit Pattojoshi
Indian Journal of Psychiatry.2022; 64(8): 344. CrossRef
Post stroke delirium
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Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova.2014; 114(12. Vyp. 2): 19. CrossRef

Original Article

Unilateral Standing Leg Tremor as the Initial Manifestation of Parkinson Disease: Suk Yun Kang, Sook-Keun Song, Jin-Soo Kim, Young Ho Sohn; J Mov Disord. 2009;2(1):29-32.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.09007

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Abstract PDF

Background:

The aim of this study was to analyze the different forms of leg tremors exhibited while standing in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), and to determine if the type of leg tremor exhibited is indicative of prognosis or treatment response in PD patients.

Methods:

We studied the clinical characteristics of five PD patients (all women; mean age, 59 years, range, 53–64 years) with unilateral standing leg tremor as the initial manifestation of PD, including their electrophysiological findings and the results of long-term follow-up.

Results:

For each patient, parkinsonism either existed at the time of onset of the initial symptoms or developed later. Patient responses to drugs were generally good, but one patient showed a poor response to drugs, even though she had only a low frequency leg tremor. For two patients whom we could observe during the 10-year follow-up period, neither the leg tremor nor parkinsonism was aggravated.

Conclusions:

There are two forms of unilateral standing leg tremor in PD. One form is high frequency, similar to the primary orthostatic tremor. The other is low frequency and similar to the parkinsonian resting tremor. Based on these observations, it appears that progression might be slow if PD patients have standing leg tremor as the initial manifestation.

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Orthostatic tremor as initial presentation of Parkinson’s disease
Y R Chiew
QJM: An International Journal of Medicine.2023; 116(7): 549. CrossRef
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An unusual initial presentation of Parkinson’s disease: unilateral standing leg tremor
Jasem Yousef Al-Hashel, Walaa Ahmed Kamel, Philippe Damier, Ahmad Jasem Abdulsalam
Acta Neurologica Belgica.2020; 120(2): 415. CrossRef

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